Dufatiye ku cegeranyo c’Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu (ONU) ku bijanye n’ibinyabuzima, ubwoko bwavyo bungana n’umuriyoni buzoba bwazimanganye kw’isi mu myaka mike iri imbere. Ikindi naco, nk’uko Ishirahamwe UNESCO ribimenyesha, birazwi ko kutabungabunga ibinyabuzima bibangamiye ukubaho kw’imicokama n’indimi bijanye. Muri iki gihe, ica gatatu c’indimi zikoreshwa kw’isi ntizirenza abantu igihumbi bazivuga, kandi nyinshi muri zo zizohakwa kuba zazimanganye mu kinjana twimirije. Birazwi ko imico ifitaniye isano n’imigenderanire hagati y’abantu n’ibibakikije ; iyo migenderanire ituma habaho imigenzo itandukanye, ubumenyi hamwe n’imigirwa itandukanye ifatiye ku budasa bw’ibidukikije (ibigize ibidukikije, ubwoko bwavyo n’ibana rya vyo). Muri ico gihe, ibungabungwa ry’ibinyabuzima rigaragarira mu majambo n’imvugo bikoreshwa.
Muri iri tangazo, turemeza tudakekeranya ko hariho isano rinini cane hagati y’ibinyabuzima n’imico kama. Dufatiye ku vyigwa vya vuba, imico kama ifatiye ku binyabuzima iriko irazimangana kw’isi-n’aho ibihugu vyinshi vyashizeho amategeko n’ingingo vyo kubungabunga ibinyabuzima. Nk’abashize umukono kuri iri tangazo, turemeza ko ukubungabunga ubudasa bw’imico kama n’ibinyabuzima ari ikibazo gihambaye gikeneye ibikorwa bigaragara. Turemeza kandi ko vyihutirwa ko hagira igikozwe kugira ngo ukubaho kw’indimi n’imico kama ntikubandanye kugeramirwa.
Iri tangazo rigerageza kwerekana ingene twoshiraho ugufashanya mu ntumbero yo gushika kuri uyo mugambi uhambaye, tukongera tugateza imbere uburyo bwo gufasha kugira ngo ubudasa bw’abantu bubungabungwe ; ihangiro nyamukuri n’ugufasha kugira ngo kazoza kazobe keza ku baba no ku biba kw’isi kandi karame. Kugira ngo ivyo bishoboke, turipfuza kwerekana isano riri hagati y’izimangana ry’imico kama n’ibinyabuzima ku rwego rw’ibihugu no kw’isi yose.
Imigirwa n’ubumenyi kama, bihanahanwa hakoreshejwe ururimi n’imico ifatiye ku rurimi, birashigikira canke bikonona ibijanye n’ibungabungwa ry’ibiri kw’isi abantu bakoresha hamwe n’ibidukikije. Muri iyo ntumbero, dutegerezwa guhindura imigirwa kama mu ntumbero yo guteza imbere imvugo zishigikira ibana n’itunganywa ry’ibidukikije, kugira ngo dushobore gushika ku kintu kiboneka.
Ubutunzi n’ibidukikije
Hariho isano hagati y’abantu n’ibibakikije, nk’uko abantu bafitaniye imigenderanire hagati yabo. Birakenewe cane rero ko abantu batahura ko hariho imigenderanire hagati yabo n’ibibakikije kugira ngo bashobore gutahura ihindagurika ry’ibihe, hamwe n’ibikwiye gukorwa n’ngene vyokorwa. Muri iki hihe, ibijanye n’ubutunzi bifatiye kw’ihingurwa ry’ibintu, ariko ikibabaje ni uko abantu batabona ko ivyo ivyo bintu bihingurwamwo biri ku mushiro. Ingaruka z’iyo nyifato zibangamira ubudasa bw’imico kama ; bigatuma kandi tudashobora gutahura ko turi igice kimwe muri urwo ruhererekane. Ibihugu, amashirahamwe y’amareta canke y’abigenga hamwe n’abanyagihugu muri rusangi bategerezwa kwemanga ibikorwa bakora bigaragarira mu migirwa hanyuma bakemera guheba ingendo mbi zibangamira ibidukikije.
Abo bose bategerezwa kubungabunga no kwubahiriza ibihingurwamwo ibintu, hamwe n’imvugo ivyubahiriza. Mu ntumbero y’ugushika kuri iryo hangiro, dusaba ibi bikurikira :
- Gushiraho ikimenyetso cerekana ivyahinguwe hafatiwe ku mico kama n’ibinyabuzima (akarorero : isano riri hagati y’amatongo y’abasangwabutaka hamwe n’amatongo atarimye, ibijanye n’imicokama ifatiye ku bwoko bumwe bw’abantu, canke iyifatiye ku bwoko bwinshi bw’abantu mu mashirahamwe).
- Gushiraho umugambi uboneka ufasha amashirahamwe akoresha ico kimenyetso, hamwe n’ishigikirwa ry’ibikorwa bijanye n’ibungabungwa ry’imico kama hamwe n’ibinyabuzima.
- Gusigura neza ibijanye n’ibinyabuzima n’imico kama hamwe n’ikibiranga (dufatiye ku bimenyetso bisanzwe biriho nk’ikijanye n’ihindagurika ry’urutonde, ica Shannon, ica Simpson canke ica Berger-Parker).
- Gushigikira ubushakashatsi ku bijanye n’ihanahanwa n’ikiguzi ku vyerekeye ibungabungwa ry’imico kama n’ibinyabuzima (ivyahinguwe bijanye n’imico kama, ibidandazwa, imfungurwa, n’ibindi).
- Gushiraho intumbero za poritike zerekana neza ibijanye n’ibungabungwa ry’imico kama, mu ntumbero yo kwubahiriza iterambere rirama, kugira ngo abantu bose baba kw’isi bubahirizwe mu mico kama yabo.
- Guhimiriza amashirahamwe yigenga n’ay’amareta kugira ngo ashire mu ngiro amahangiro y’iterambere rirama y’Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu (ONU) ajanye n’ibungabungwa ry’imico kama ifatiye ku binyabuzima.
- Kwiga neza ivyerekeye ingaruka y’ihanahanwa ry’ibinyabuzima, y’ukugabura inyungu ivamwo, y’itunganywa ribereye hamwe n’amakori ajanye n’ubuhinga bwa none bwo kuvunja no guhanahana amahera.
- Gushigikira no gufasha kugira ngo habeho ironderwa n’ishingurwa ry’ibikorwa vyo ku rwego rw’isi yose bijanye n’ubudasa bw’imico kama ifatiye ku binyabuzima, mu ntumbero yo gukwiragiza imigirwa ibereye mu bindi bice vy’izi.
- Gukora ibishoboka vyose kugira ngo habeho uguhanahana ivyiyumviro n’imigenderanire irama bishingiye ku bihugu bibanyi.
Inyigisho n’ugukubita agatima mpembero
Birakenewe cane ko abantu batahurana, bagakubita agatima mpembero kugira ngo bashobore kwiyumvira ku bijanye n’isano riri hagati y’imico, ururimi n’ubudasa bwabo ; ku bw’ivyo, inyigisho ni kimwe mu bintu bitabwirizwa guhara mu ntumbero yo gutahuza imice itandukanye y’abantu. Mu ndinganizo yayo, inyigisho itegerezwa gufatirwa mu migenderanire idafitaniye isano n’ubutware (abafise ubumenyi hamwe n’ababukeneye). Inyigisho itegerezwa gushingira ku muntu wese ata vangura, hadafatiwe ku co ari co. Iyo nsiguro y’inyigisho ishingiye ku buryo butuma habaho isabikanywa ry’imigirwa n’ubumenyi, biciye mu ndinganizo mfashanyo ishingiye ku ndinganizo yagutse. Muri iyo ntumbero, haca habaho ugukubita agatima mpembero ku bijanye n’ugutahura buhorobuho, hashingiwe ku ntumbero ifatiye ku nyigisho; iryo yoroshwa ry’inyigisho ritegerezwa kuba ifatiro ryo gutahuza umunyagihugu uwo ari we wese.
Muri rusangi, inyigisho itegerezwa gufatira kw’ihanahana, na canecane iyo iryo hanahana rijanye n’imigirwa n’ubumenyi kama; ivyo vyose ntibishira kure abasangwabutaka, kuko ntivyega gusa abashakashatsi, abigisha-barezi canke abantu bose bibaza ko ari incabwenge kurusha abandi. Ni co gituma ugukubita agatima mpembero mu guhindura ingendo ku bijanye n’ubudasa bw’ibinyabuzima, hamwe n’ubudasa bw’imico n’indimi bitegerezwa kudasiga n’umwe inyuma. Hafatiwe kuri iyo nyifato yo kwegera abantu batandukanye, dusaba ko ibi bikurikira vyoranga inyigisho n’ugukubita agatima mpembero mu guhindura ingendo :
- Ubudasa (bufatiye ku binyabuzima, ku mico canke ku ndimi) butegerezwa gushirwa mu ntonde z’ivyigwa mu mashure kugira ngo bwubahirizwe hatibagiwe inyigisho zijanye n’imibano n’imico y’abantu, uburimyi, n’ibidukikije.
- Ku vyerekeye inyigisho zijanye n’imico ifitaniye isano n’ibinyabuzima, ni ngombwa ko zitigizayo abana, abakuze n’iyindi migwi hakoreshejwe ubuhinga nyabwo.
- Muri iyo ntumbero, ni ngombwa gushiraho mu maguru masha ivyigwa biteguye neza kandi vyotangwa hakoreshejwe ubuhinga butandukanye bwabigenewe.
- Hoshirwa imbere ubuhinga bwo kwigisha bukurikira : kwiga wikorerako, gusabikanya ubumenyi, amanama yo guhanahana ivyiyumviro, udukino n’ubuhinga bwa none bwubahiriza akaranga n’imico ku bidukikije vy’aberekewe n’inyigisho.
- Ku bijanye n’ibintu vyose bifitaniye isano n’inyigisho, amashure n’ibibanza vyagenewe ukwiga bitegerezwa gutegurwa neza kugira ngo bitange ishusho y’ubudasa bufatiye ku mico kama ifatiye ku binyabuzima bw’igihugu, hashingiwe ku bikenewe bitirengagiza iterambere rirama. Mu gihe bikunda, inyigisho zishobora gutangirwa mu bindi bibanza atari kw’ishure ; kugira ngo abaregwa baronke ubundi bumenyi bujanye n’ubudasa bw’ibinyabuzima n’imico kama hafatiwe ku kubimenya, kubibungabunga, kubishira imbere no kubiteza imbere.
- Abegwa n’uyu mugambi ariko baterekewe n’ishure bategerezwa gutumirwa kugira ngo bafashe mu nyigisho, hatibagiwe ivy’imico n’ibijanye no kwiga hafatiwe ku gukubita agatima mpembero mu guhindura ingendo.
- Mu gihe vyoba bikenewe cane ko herekanwa amashusho kugira ngo itezwa imbere n’ihanahana ry’ivyiyumviro ku bijanye n’ubudasa bw’imico kama ifatiye ku binyabuzima bikunde, ivyiyumviro n’amajambo bifatiye ku buhinga bwo kuyaga bitegerezwa gushirwa imbere, kugira ngo haboneke ibikorwa nkabuzo canke kugira ngo ubushakashatsi bukunde.
- Inyigisho zitegerezwa gutegurwa neza ku buryo ziba inzira yo gutera intege, gukomeza no guhanahana iciyumviro c’uko ubudasa ari ngira kamaro kandi ko bikwiye ko abantu bose babuha agaciro, mu ntumbero yo kububungabunga no kubugwanira.
- Ikindi naco, inyigisho zifatiye ku kwiga gukorana n’abandi no kubungabunga ivyashitsweko; muri make, ni ukwigishwa ko ibidukikije bigizwe n’ibintu vyinshi bifitaniye isano kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gutahura ico ivyo vyose bisigura n’ico abo vyega babivugako.
- Ugutahura insiguro, dufatiye muri rusangi, birakenewe cane kugira ngo habeho uburinganire hagati y’ukwiga n’ugutanga inyigisho, hafatiwe ku vyiyumviro bitandukanye.
- Ikindi gihambaye ni ibifitaniye isano n’ukwiga n’uguhanahana amajambo ajanye n’uburinganire n’ubutungane, kugira ngo habeho ugutahura n’uguha intumbero isano riri hagati y’abantu n’ibibakikije.
Abashize umukono kuri uru rwandiko
Uru rwandiko rwavuye mu nama yabereye i Viyene ku magenekerezo ya 23 na 24 gitugutu 2019, mu gisata exploration space (igisata c’ukwiyumvira ibikwiye) c’Ikigo kijejwe ubuhinga co mu gihugu ca Otirishe. Ni ishusho y’ibiganiro, amasezerano, ivyiyumviro n’imigambi vyavuye mu gikorwa c’umwanya munini co gushiraho uyu mugambi; iki gikorwa cahuje umugwi ugizwe n’abantu batandukanye bafashe ingingo yo gutegura inzandiko mfatakibanza zavuyemwo uru rwandiko. Twarahuriye hamwe twongera turakorana mu kirindo kingana n’imisi ibiri aho twasabikanije ubumenyi butandukanye bufatiye ku binyabuzima, ku ndimi, ku mico n’imibano vy’abantu, kw’iterambere rirama, kw’iryohora ry’amasanamu no ku buhinga bwa none. Twakoranye duserukira ibigo bitandukanye nk’abashakashatsi, abahinga n’abaharanira agateka k’abantu n’ibidukikije. Ibihugu vyaserukiwe ni Otirishe, Berezire, Saruvadore, Ubufaransa, Ubudagi, Ubuhindi, Megizike, Porutigare, Esupanye n’Ubusweda. Uru rwandiko rwavuye mu gice kigira kabiri c’ibiganiro cakurikiye ica mbere : Iki gice ca kabiri catumye habaho ukwandikiranira biciye ku buhinga ngurukanabumenyi kwugururiwe abandi bantu batari mu gikorwa c’igice ca mbere.